Aristotle
_quatenus_ Ens, how named by Aristotle, 59; opposed as the universal
science to particular sciences, not to Phenomenology, 59; blended
with Logic in the Categories, 62; logical aspect of, as set forth by
Aristotle, 127; of Aristotle's predecessors, 97, 108, 551 seq.; has
Dialectic as a tentative companion, 273; not clearly distinguished
from Logic and Physics by Aristotle, 422; highest of Theoretical
Sciences, subject of, 423, 593; treats of Ens in two senses
specially, 424, 425; also critically examines highest generalities of
Demonstration, 425, 579; Aristotle's advance in, upon Plato, 445,
561; an objective science, 579.
Opinion, opposed to Science, in Plato, 207; in Aristotle, 207, 236,
573; wanting to animals, 475.
_Opposita_, four modes of, 104; included under, rather than
including, _Relativa_, 104; should be called _Opposite-Relativa_,
105.
Opposition, Contradictory and Contrary, 111; squares of, Scholastic
and Aristotelian, 137 n.
Oppositis, Treatise de, by Aristotle, lost, 134.
Organon, The, meaning of, as applied to Aristotle's logical
treatises, 55; what it includes, 56; not so specified by Aristotle,
56; Aristotle's point of view throughout, 578.
_Organa_, or Helps to command of syllogisms in dialectical debate,
278; use of the, 282; relation of the, to the _Loci_, 283.
[Greek: O(/ros], Term, applied both to subject and to Predicate in
Analytica, 141.
[Greek: O(/ti, To/], _see_ Fact.
[Greek: Ou)si/a], 67, _see_ Essence.
P.
Paradeigmatic inference, 198; _see_ Example.
_Paradoxa_, a variety of _Adoxa_, 269.
Paralogisms, Scientific, 267, 380; _see_ Fallacies.
Parmenides, eliminated Non-Ens, 136; uses equivocal names as
univocal, 414; his doctrine of Absolute Ens, 436, 551; not a
dialectician, 551; made intelligence vary with sense, 588.
Paronymous things, 57.
Part, relation of, to Whole, with a view to Definition, 601.
Particular, The, _notius nobis_ compared with the Universal, 196;
inferiority of, to the Universal, 231.
Passion, _Pati_, Category, 65, 73.
Peirastic, given as one of the four species of debate, 377; really a
variety or aspect of Dialectic, 377, 379.
'Peplus,' work of Aristotle's, 32.
Perception, sensible, _see_ Sensation.
Pergamus, kings of, their library, 36.
Peripatetics, origin of the title, 7.
Phæstis, mother of Aristotle, 2; directions for a bust to, in
Aristotle's will, 19.
Phanias, disciple of Aristotle, knew logical works of his now lost,
56; wrote on Logic, 56.
Phantasy, nature of, 475; distinguished from Memory, 475;
indispensable to, and passes by insensible degrees into, Cogitation,
479, 484, 485.
Philip of Macedon, chose Aristotle as tutor to Alexander, 5;
destroyed Stageira, 6.
Philosopher, The, distinguished from the Dialectician, 354, 584; also
from the Sophist, 584.
Philosophy, First, usual name for Science of Ens _quatenus_ Ens, 59,
422, 584; _see_ Ontology.
Phokion, at the head of the Athenian administration under Alexander,
12; ineffectually opposed anti-Macedonian sentiment after Alexander's
death, 12.
Physica, relation of the, to the Metaphysica, 54, 422.
Physics, theoretical science, subject of, 423, 593, 630.
Pindar, subject of his Odes, 13.
Place, in Dialectic, 283; none outside of the Heaven, 636.
Planets, number of the spheres of, 626; do not twinkle, why, 645;
_see_ Stars.
Plato, much absent from Athens, between 367-60 B.C., 4; died, 347
B.C., 4; corresponded with Dionysius, 7; Aristotle charged with
ingratitude to, 20; attacked with Aristotle by Kephisodorus, 24;
ancients nearly unanimous as to the list of his works, 27, 42; his
exposure of equivocal phraseology, 58; fascinated by particular
numbers, 74; on Relativity, 84; his theory of Proposition and
Negation, 135, 427; called for, but did not supply, definitions, 141;
his use of the word Syllogism, 143; relied upon logical Division for
science, 162; opposed Science (Dialectic) to Opinion (Rhetoric), 208,
263; explained learning from Reminiscence, 212; his view of Noûs as
infallible, 260; character of his dialogues, 264; recognized
Didactic, but as absorbed into Dialectic, 264; his use of the word
Sophist, 376; his psychology (in the Timæus), 446-9, 451, 461; first
affirmed Realism, 552; his Ontology and theory of Ideas, 553 seq.,
_see_ Ideas; held Sophistic to be busied about Non-Ens, 593; his
scale of Essences, 595, 620; his assumption of a self-movent as
_principium_, 623; held that the non-generable may be destroyed, 637,
639; on the position of the Earth, 649; in his Protagoras anticipated
Epikurus, 654; admitted an invincible erratic necessity in Nature,
657; ethical purpose of, 662.
'Plato and the other Companions of Sokrates,' subject of the work, 1;
referred to, on subject of the Platonic Canon, 27.
Platonists, their view of Essences as Numbers, 611; _see_ Ideas.
Plotinus, censured Categories of the Stoics, 100, 563; his list of
Categories, 102, 563.
_Plurium Interrogationum ut Unius_, _Fallacia_, 389; how to solve,
413.
Plutarch does not appear to have known the chief Aristotelian works,
31; authority for story of the fate of Aristotle's library, 35.
Poetic, place of, in Aristotle's philosophy, 54; modes of speech
entering into, 111, 130.
[Greek: Poio/n], _see_ Quality.
Political Science, the Supreme Science, 449.
Politics, place of in Aristotle's philosophy, 54; Aristotle's
Treatise on, 539; founded on the Republic of Plato, 539; his
conception of a republic, 539.
Porphyry, disposed works of Plotinus in Enneads, 44; his Eisagoge,
73, 101, 552; rejected last paragraph of De Interpretatione, 134; his
statement of the question as to Universals, 552, 564; defended
Aristotle's Categories against Plotinus, 563.
[Greek: Poso/n], _see_ Quantity.
Possible, The, as a Mode affecting Antiphasis, 127; relation of, to
the Necessary, 127, 205; three meanings of, given by Aristotle, 128;
effective sense of, 129, 133, 205, 617, 638; truly a Formal Mode of
Proposition, 131; gradations in, 205.
Poste, Mr., upon Aristotle's proof that Demonstration implies
indemonstrable truths, 229; on the Theory of Fallacies, 383.
_Posterius_, different senses of, 105; as between parts and whole,
601-603.
Post-prædicamenta, 79, 80, 104.
Postulate, as a principle of Demonstration, 220.
Potentiality (Power) as opposed to Actuality, 128, 456, 615 seq.;
varieties of, 613.
Prædicament, _see_ Categories.
Predicables, four in Aristotle, five in later logicians, 276;
quadruple classification of, how exhaustive, 276; come each under one
or other of the Categories, 277.
Predicate, in a proposition, 109; to be One, 120; called Term in
Analytica, 141.
Predication, essential and non-essential, Aristotle's mode of
distinguishing, 63, 64.
Premisses of Syllogism, 148; how to disengage for Reduction, 164;
involving qualification, 166; false, yielding true conclusion, 172;
contradictory, yielding a conclusion in Second and Third figures, 175;
necessary character of, in Demonstration, 215; in Dialectic, 227.
Principles of Science, furnished only by Experience, 162, 257;
knowable in themselves, but not therefore innate, 178, 256; what,
common to all, 212, 215; maintained by Aristotle to be
indemonstrable, 215, 228; general and special, 236, 578; development
of, 256; known by Noûs upon Induction from particulars, 259, 562,
577; discussed by First Philosopher, and by Dialectician, 575.
_Principii Petitio_, Fallacy of, 156, 176; in Dialectic, 367, 371; in
Sophistic, 388; how to solve, 412.
_Prius_, different senses of, in Post-præedicamenta, 105; in
Metaphysica [Greek: D], 106; Aristotle often confounds the meanings
of, 106; as between parts and whole, 601-603.
_Privatio_ and _Habitus_, case of _Opposita_, 104, 105.
[Greek: Proai/resis], definition of, 526.
Probabilities, Syllogism from, 202.
Probable, The, true meaning of, in Aristotle, 269.
Problematical proposition, The, a truly formal mode, 131.
Problems, for scientific investigation, 238; identical, 253; in
Dialectic, 273.
Prokles, second husband of Aristotle's daughter, 20.
Proof ([Greek: tekmê/rion]) distinguished from Sign, 203.
Propositions, subject of De Interpretatione, 57, 109; Terms treated
by Aristotle with reference to, 59; Ens divided with reference to,
59; defined, 109; distinguished in signification from Terms, 109,
110, also from other modes of significant speech, 111, 130; Simple,
Complex, 111; Affirmative, Negative, 111, 122; Contradictory (pair
of, making Antiphasis), Contrary, 111, 124, 134; Universal, Singular,
111; about matters particular and future, 113; in quaternions
illustrative of real Antiphasis, 118 seq.; subject of, and predicate
of, to be each One, 125; function of copula in, 126; Simple
Assertory, Modal (Possible or Problematical and Necessary), 127 seq.;
subjective and objective aspects of, 131; Aristotle's theory of,
compared with views of Plato and others, 135; summarized, 139; how
named in Analytica, 141; named either as declaring, or as generating,
truth, 141; formally classified according to Quantity in Analytica,
142; Universal, double account of, 142; Conversion of, taken singly,
144; rules for Conversion of Universal Negative, Affirmative, &c.,
144 seq.; comparison of, as subjects of attack and defence, 156;
Indivisible or Immediate, and Mediate--modes of error with regard to,
224 seq.; as subject-matter of Dialectic, 273; classified for
purposes of Dialectic, 276.
Proprium, one of the Predicables, 276; thesis of, hardest, after
Definition, to defend, 285, 353; dialectical _Loci_ bearing on, 313
seq.; ten different modes of, 321.
[Greek: Pro/s ti], _see_ Relation.
Protagoras, his doctrine, "Homo Mensura" impugned by Aristotle as
adverse to the Maxim of Contradiction, 430 seq., 587 seq.; true force
of his doctrine, 431; misapprehended by Aristotle and Plato, 432.
[Greek: Pro/tasis], name for Proposition in Analytica, 141.
Proxenus, of Atarneus, guardian of Aristotle at Stageira, 3;
mentioned in Aristotle's will, 19.
Pseudographeme or Scientific Paralogism, 267; or pseudographic
syllogism, 380.
Psychology, relation of, to Logic, 110; summary of Aristotle's, 493.
Pythagoras, disregarded experience, 436; _see_ Pythagoreans.
Pythagoreans had a two-fold doctrine--exoteric and esoteric, 52;
fascinated by particular numbers, 74; their view of the soul, 449;
went astray in defining from numbers, 603; ascribed perfection and
beauty to results, not to their originating principles, 625; said the
Universe and all things are determined by Three, 630; recognized
Right and Left in the Heaven, 610; erred in calling ours the upper
hemisphere and to the right, 640; affirmed harmony of the spheres,
646; placed Fire, not Earth, at the centre of the Kosmos, 648; made
the Earth and Antichthon revolve each in a circle, 648.
Pythias, wife of Aristotle, 5, 17, 20; daughter of Aristotle, 17-19.
Q.
_Quæsita_, in science, four heads of, 238; order of, 239; the four,
compared, 240.
Quality (_Quale_)**, third Category, treated fourth, 65, 72;
varieties of, 72; admits in some cases, contrariety and graduation,
72; foundation of Similarity and Dissimilarity, 73; illustrated from
_Relata_, 73; First Essence shades through Second into, 91; to
Aristotle a mere predicate, highest of substances to Plato, 503; is
hardly Ens at all, 593.
Quantity (_Quantum_), second. Category, 65; Continual, Discrete, 70;
has no contrary, 70; a mere appendage to Essence, 595, 596.
Quiddity, _see_ Essence.
R.
Realism, first affirmed by Plato, 552, 555; problems of, as set out
by Porphyry, and discussed before and after, 552; scholastic formula
of, 555; objections, urged against, by Plato himself in Sophistes and
Parmenides, 550 seq.; peculiarity in Plato's doctrine of, 557;