Aristotle
impugned by Aristotle, 558 seq.; character of Aristotle's objections
to, 500; counter-theory to, set up by Aristotle, 500, 501; standard
against, raised by Aristotle in his First **Category, 502;
of Plotinus, 563; of J. Scotus Erigena, 564; of Remigius, 564.
Reciprocation, among Terms of Syllogism, 185.
Reduction, in Syllogism, 153; object and process of, 164 seq.
_Reductio ad Impossibile_ or _Absurdum_, used in proving modes of
Second figure, 152; nature of, 155, 160, 168; a case of Reversal of
Conclusion for refutation, 175; abuse of, guarded against by the
argument _Non per Hoc_, 179.
Regularity, principle of, in the Kosmos, _see_ Nature.
_Relata_, defined, 70.
Relation, fourth Category, treated third, 65, 70; admits, in some
cases, contrariety and graduation, 71; too narrowly conceived by
Aristotle, 80; covers all predicates, 82; covers even Essence as
Subject, 83; an Universal comprehending and pervading all the
Categories, rather than a Category itself, 84; understood at the
widest by some of the ancients, 84; comprehensiveness of, conceded by
Aristotle himself, 84, 88.
_Relative-Opposita_, should rather stand _Opposite-Relativa_, 104,
105.
Relativity, or Relation, _see_ Relation; of knowledge, universal (in
the sense of Protagoras), impugned by Aristotle, 430 seq., 589 seq.;
allowed by Aristotle to pervade all mind, 493.
Remigius of Auxerre, went as far as Plato in Realism, 564.
Reminiscence, Plato's doctrine of, 212, 554; Aristotle's Tract on
Memory and, 475; nature of, as distinguished from Memory, 470;
phenomena of, 476.
Resemblances, study of, an organon of debate, 280.
Respiration, organ and function of, 408.
Reversal of Conclusion, 174.
Rhabanus Maurus, followed Aristotle on Universals, 503.
Rhetoric, place of, in Aristotle's philosophy, 54; modes of speech
dealt with in, 111, 131; opposed by Plato to Dialectic, 208, 203;
opposed with Dialectic to Science by Aristotle, 208, 265, 266;
developed before Aristotle, 419.
Rose, Valentine, his view of the catalogue of Diogenes, 32.
S.
Sagacity, in divining Middle Term, 237.
Sameness, three senses of, 277, 349.
Scholarchs, Peripatetic, their limited knowledge of Aristotle before
Andronikus, 30, 38.
Science, _see_ Knowledge.
Sciences, some prior and more accurate than others, 210, 234, 578;
classified as Theoretical, Practical, Constructive, 423, 593;
Theoretical subdivided, 423, 593.
Seneca, authority for Stoical creed, 654; a Stoic engaged in active
politics, 662.
Sensation, knowledge begins from the natural process of, 256, 483,
492; consciousness of, explained, 473.
Senses, the five, 465 seq.; cannot be more than five, 472.
Sentient soul, involves functions of the Nutritive with sensible
perception besides, 461; distinguishes animals from plants, 462;
receives the form of the _perceptum_ without the matter, as wax an
impression from the signet; 462; communicated by male in generation,
and is complete from birth, 463: differs from the Noëtic, in
communing with particulars and being dependent on stimulus from
without, 463 seq., 486; grades of, 463; has a faculty of
discrimination and comparison, 464, 483; heart, the organ of, 464;
cannot perceive two distinct sensations at once, 473; at the lowest,
subject to pleasure and pain, appetite and aversion, 473; Phantasy
belongs to the, 475; Memory belongs to the, 475.
Sepulveda, his use of "exoteric," 45.
Signs, Syllogism from, 202; distinguished from Proof ([Greek:
tekmê/rion]), 203; in Physiognomy, 204.
Simplikius, defended Aristotle's Categories, 563.
_Simul_, meaning of, 105; as between parts and whole, 602.
Skêpsis, Aristotle's books and manuscripts long kept buried there,
36.
Smell, operated through a medium, 467; stands below sight and
hearing, 468; action of, 469; organ of, 470.
Sokrates, reference to his fate by Aristotle, 16; his exposure of
equivocal phraseology, 58; called for, but did not supply,
definitions, 141; his conception and practice of Dialectic, to the
neglect of Didactic, 263; Elenchus of, 263, 437, 441; did nothing but
question, 418; Greek philosophy before, 426; first broke ground for
Logic, 426; his part in the development of Greek Philosophy, 436
seq.; peculiarities of, according to Aristotle, 437; first inquired
into the meaning of universal terms, 551, 552.
Sokrates, the younger, false analogy of, in defining animal, 604.
Solecism, sophistic charge of, 385; how to repel, 413.
Sophist, the, as understood by Aristotle, 376, 377, 381; as
understood by Plato, 376; five ends ascribed to, 384; not really
distinguished by Aristotle from the Dialectician, 382, 393 seq.
Sophistes of Plato, theory of Proposition in, 135.
Sophistic, busied about accidents, 98, 593; as understood by
Aristotle, 376, 382; given as one of four species of debate, 377;
Aristotle's conception of, both as to purpose and subject matter,
disallowed, 382, 393 seq.; _Loci_ bearing on, 408; debate,
difficulties in, 416; borders on Dialectic, 417.
Sophistici Elenchi, last book of Topica, 56, 262; subject of, 376;
last chapter of, 417 seq.
Sorites, what was afterwards so called, 156.
Soul, according to Plato, 446, 449, 451, 461; Alkmæon, 449;
Herakleitus, 449; Diogenes of Apollonia, 449; Anaxagoras, 449;
Empedokles, 449; Pythagoreans, 450; Xenokrates, criticized by
Aristotle, 450; theory of Empedokles criticized, 451; theory of, as
pervading the whole Kosmos, 451; all the foregoing theories of,
rejected by Aristotle, 452; requisites of a good theory of, 452;
Aristotle's point of view with regard to, 453; the problem of, stated
to cover all forms of Life, 453; resolved by metaphysical distinction
of Form and Matter, 454-7; defined accordingly, 458; not a separate
entity in itself, 458; not really, but only logically, separable from
body, 458; thoroughgoing implication of, with Matter, 459, 478; is
Form, Movent, and Final Cause, of the body as Matter, 460, 480; makes
with body the Living or Animated Body, 460, 480; varieties of, in an
ascending scale, 460, 481; the lowest or Nutritive, 461; the Sentient
(also nutritive), 462-74, _see_ Sentient; higher functions of,
conditioned by lower, 474; Phantastic department of, 474; the Noëtic
or Cogitant, 478, _see_ Noûs, Noëtic; all varieties of, proceed from
the region of Form or the Celestial Body, 480; Noûs of the, 487; not
immortal, even the Noëtic, in the individual, 489; is, in a certain
way, all existent things, 493; two parts of, the rational and the
irrational, 521.
Sound, cause of, 467.
Species, is Second Essence, 63, 68; one of the Predicables in
Porphyry's, not in Aristotle's, list, 276; logically posterior to
Genus and to Differentiæ, 607.
Speech, significant by convention only, 109, 111; Enunciative, and
other modes of, 111.
Speusippus, succeeded Plato in the Academy, 7, 21; books of, at his
death, bought by Aristotle, 35; held it impossible to define anything
without knowing everything, 249; his enumeration of Essences, 595,
629; ascribed beauty and perfection to results, not to their
originating principles, 625.
Spinoza, his definition of Substance contrasted with Aristotle's, 93.
Spontaneity, source of irregularity in the Kosmos, 115, 205; affects
the rule of Antiphasis, 115; objective correlate to the Problematical
Proposition, 133, 205; Generations and Constructions from, 598, 620.
Stageira, birthplace of Aristotle, 2; destroyed by Philip, restored
by Aristotle, 6.
Stars, in their nature eternal Essences, 626; whence the heat and
light of, 644; themselves at rest, are carried round in their
circles, 644; spherical in figure, 645, 646; (not planets) twinkle,
why, 645; rates of motion of (planets), as determined by their
position, 646; irregular sequence of (planets), in respect of
complexity of motions, 646; partakers of life and action, 647; why so
many, in the one single First Current, 648.
Stilpon, merely disputed on Proposition, 136.
Stoics, Categories of the, 100, 563; their doctrine copiously
reported, 654; points in which they agreed with the Epikureans, 655,
663; fatalism of, 657; held Self-preservation to be the first
principle of Nature, 660; inculcated as primary _officium_, to keep
in the State of Nature, 660; their idea of the Good, 660; their
distinction of things in our power, and not in our power, 661; held
the will to be always determined by motives, 661; their view of a
free mind, 661; allowed an interposing Providence, 661; ethical
purpose of,662; urged to active life, 662; subordinated beneficence,
put justice highest, 662, 663; their respect for individual
conviction, 663.
Strabo, authority for story of the fate of
Aristotle's library, 35, 38.
Subject, to be _predicated of_ a, distinguished from to be _in_ a,
59, 62, 64; which is never employed as predicate, 63, 68, 157; which
may also be predicate, 63, 157; called Term in Analytica, 141.
Substance, _see_ Essence.
Substratum, 67, 595; _see_ Essence.
Sun, ever at work, 617; whence the heat and light of, 644; why seen
to move at rising and setting, 644; motions of, 646.
Sylla, carried library of Apellikon to Rome, 37.
Syllogism, principle of, indicated in Categoriæ, 65; theory of,
claimed by Aristotle as his own work, 140, 153; defined, 143, 426;
Perfect and Imperfect, 143; meaning of, in Plato, specialized in
Aristotle, 143; conditions of valid, 148, 155; Premisses, Terms,
Figures, &c., of, 148 seq.; Reduction of, 153; mediaeval abuse of,
153; Direct or Ostensive, and Indirect, 155; has two (even number of)
propositions, and three (odd number of) terms, 156; how to construct
a, 157; method of, superior to logical Division, 162; from an
Hypothesis, 168; plurality of conclusions from, 171; inversion of,
173; conversion of, 174; liabilities to error in the use of, 176;
cases of Reciprocation among terms of, 185; antithesis among terms
of, 185 seq.; canons of, common to Demonstration, Dialectic,
Rhetoric, 186, 210, 265; the, from Induction, 187; prior and more
effective as to cognition, than Induction, 191; the, from Example,
191; relation of, to Induction, 192 seq.; varieties of Abduction,
Objection, Enthymeme, &c., 202 seq.; Modal, 204; theory of,
applicable both to Demonstration and Dialectic, 207, 265; the
Demonstrative or Scientific, 215, 219, 265; of [Greek: o(/ti], and of
[Greek: dio/ti], 223; the unit in, 231; scope and matter of the
Dialectical, 265, 267; the Eristic, 268, 380; the Elenchus, or
Refutative, 376; the Pseudographic, 380; inquiry into Axioms of,
falls to First Philosophy, 426.
Synonymous things, 57.
T.
Taste, operates through contact, 469; a variety of Touch, 471; organ
of, 471.
Tautology, sophistic charge of, 385; how to repel, 413.
Temperance, definition of, 531.
[Greek: Tekmê/rion] (Proof), distinguished from Sign, 203.
Terms, as such, subject of Categoriæ, 57; things denoted by,
distinguished as Homonymous (Equivocal), Synonymous (Univocal),
Paronymous--importance of the distinction, 57; viewed by Aristotle,
as constituents of a Proposition, 59; distinguished from Proposition
in signification, 109, 110; the word, used instead of Noun and Verb
in Analytica, 141; Major, Middle, and Minor, in Syllogism, 148; in
Syllogism, are often masked, 165; reciprocation of, in Syllogism,
185; equivocation of, to be attended to in Dialectic, 278.
Thales, character of his philosophy, 435; supposed the Earth to float
at rest on water, 649.
Themison, correspondent of Aristotle, 7.
Themistius, speaks of an "army of assailants" of Aristotle, 26; on
the order of the _Quæsita_ in science, 238.
Theodoras, developed Rhetoric, 419.
Theology, alternative name for First Philosophy or Ontology, 59, 423.
Theophrastus, left in charge of Aristotle's school and library, 15,