Portuguese literature
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PORTUGUESE
LITERATURE
Oxford University Press
_London_ _Edinburgh_ _Glasgow_ _Copenhagen_
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Humphrey Milford Publisher to the UNIVERSITY
PORTUGUESE
LITERATURE
BY
AUBREY F. G. BELL
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1922
TO THE TRUE PORTUGAL OF THE FUTURE
_La letteratura, dalla quale sola potrebbe aver sodo principio
la rigenerazione della nostra patria._
GIACOMO LEOPARDI.
_This book was ready in October 1916, but the war delayed its
publication. A few alterations have now been made in order to bring
it up to date. It is needless to say how welcome will be further
suggestions, especially for the bibliography. Only by such help can a
book of this kind become useful, since its object is not to expatiate
upon schools and theories but to give with as much accuracy as possible
the main facts concerning the work and life of each individual author._
AUBREY F. G. BELL.
S. JOÃO DO ESTORIL,
PORTUGAL.
_July 1921_
CONTENTS
_Introduction_
PAGE
Portuguese literature in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries--D.
Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcellos--Dr. Theophilo Braga--Portuguese
prose--Portuguese writers in Spanish and Latin--Character of the
Portuguese--Special qualities of their literature--Splendid
achievement--Lack of criticism and proportion but not of talent 13
I. 1185-1325.
[i. e. from the accession of Sancho I to the death of Dinis.]
§ 1. _The Cossantes_ 22
Earliest poems--Their indigenous character and peculiar form--Their
origin--Galicia in the Middle Ages--The pilgrimages--Dance-poems--Themes
of the _cossantes_--Their relation to the poetry imported from
Provence--Writers of _cossantes_: Nuno Fernandez Torneol--Joan
Zorro--Pero Meogo--Pay Gomez Chariño--Airas Nunez’ _pastorela_--The
_cantigas de vilãos_--Songs of women--Persistence of the _cossante_ to
modern times--_Cossantes_ and _cantigas de amor_.
§ 2. _The Cancioneiros_ 37
_Cancioneiro da Ajuda_--_Cancioneiro da Vaticana_--_Cancioneiro
Colocci-Brancuti_--Relations of Portugal with Spain, with France,
with other countries--The Galician language--Its extension--Alfonso
X--The _Cantigas de Santa Maria_--Poetry at the Court of Afonso
III--Provençal poetry in Portugal--Monotony and technical
skill of the Portuguese poets--_Cantigas de amigo_--Satiric poems--Joan
de Guilhade--Pero Garcia de Burgos--Pero da Ponte--Joan Airas--Fernan
Garcia Esgaravunha--Airas Nunez--King Dinis.
II. 1325-1521.
[i. e. from the accession of Sancho IV to the death of Manuel I.]
§ 1. _Early Prose_ 58
Comparatively late development of prose--Spanish influence in the
second period of Portuguese literature--King Dinis’ translation
of the _Cronica Geral_--_Regra de S. Bento_--Translations from the
Bible--Sacred legends--Aesop’s Fables--Chronicles--_Livros de
Linhagens_--The Breton cycle--The Quest of the Holy Grail--_Livro de
Josep ab Arimatia_--_Estorea de Vespeseano_--_Amadis de Gaula_--Problem
of its origin--Early allusions--Vasco de Lobeira--Probable
introduction of _Amadis_ into the Peninsula through Portugal.
§ 2. _Epic and Later Galician Poets_ 72
Dearth of epics--Apocryphal poems--Afonso Giraldez--_Romances_--Their
connexion with Spain--Survival of Galician lyrics--Macias--Juan
Rodriguez de la Cámara--Fernam Casquicio--Vasco Perez de Camões--Gonçalo
Rodriguez, Archdeacon of Toro--Garci Ferrandez de Gerena--Alfonso
Alvarez de Villasandino--_Cantigas de escarnho_--The Constable D. Pedro.
§ 3. _The Chroniclers_ 81
Fernam Lopez--_Cronica do Condestabre_--Zurara--Ruy de Pina--_Cronica do
Infante Santo._ Other prose: King João I--King Duarte--Pedro, Duke of
Coimbra--Letters of Lopo de Almeida--_Boosco Delleytoso_--_Corte
Imperial_--_Flos Sanctorum_--_Vita Christi_--_Espelho de
Christina_--_Espelho de Prefeyçam_.
§ 4. _The Cancioneiro Geral_ 96
The break in Portuguese poetry--Its revival--Garcia de
Resende--_Cancioneiro Geral_--Its shallow themes--More serious
poems--Alvaro de Brito--The _Coudel Môr_--D. João de Meneses--D.
João Manuel--Fernam da Silveira--Nuno Pereira--Diogo Brandam--Luis
Anriquez--Rodriguez de Sá--The Conde de Vimioso--Duarte de
Brito--Spanish influence.
III. The Sixteenth Century [1502-80].
§ 1. _Gil Vicente_ 106
The sixteenth century--Gil Vicente’s first play (1502)--The year
and place of his birth--His life--Poet and goldsmith--His
_autos_--Types sketched in his _farsas_--Devotional plays, comedies
and tragicomedies--Origin of the drama in Portugal--Enzina’s influence
on Vicente--French influence--Other Spanish writers--Traditional
satire--Number of Vicente’s plays--Their character and that of their
author--His patriotism and serious purpose--His achievement and
influence in Spain and Portugal.
§ 2. _Lyric and Bucolic Poets_ 132
Bernardim Ribeiro--Cristovam Falcão--Sá de Miranda--D. Manuel de
Portugal--Diogo Bernardez--Frei Agostinho da Cruz--Antonio
Ferreira--Andrade Caminha--Sá de Meneses--Falcão de Resende--Jorge de
Montemôr--Fernam Alvarez do Oriente--Faria e Sousa--Francisco Rodriguez
Lobo.
§ 3. _The Drama_ 156
Gil Vicente’s successors--Anonymous plays--Afonso Alvarez--Antonio
Ribeiro Chiado--Balthasar Diaz--Anrique Lopez--Jorge Pinto--Antonio
Prestes--Jeronimo Ribeiro Soarez--Simão Machado--Francisco Vaz--Gil
Vicente de Almeida--Frei Antonio da Estrella--Classical drama: Sá de
Miranda--Antonio Ferreira--Camões--Jorge Ferreira de Vasconcellos.
§ 4. _Luis de Camões_ 174
Family of Camões--His birth and education--In North Africa--In
India--Return to Portugal--Last years and death--Camões as epic and
lyric poet--The _Lusiads_--Its critics--His greatness--Influence on
the language--His _Parnasso_--Camões and Petrarca--Later epic
poets--Corte Real--Pereira Brandão--Francisco de Andrade.
§ 5. _The Historians_ 190
Historians of India--Alvaro Velho --Lopez de
Castanheda--Barros--Couto--Corrêa--Bras de Albuquerque--Antonio
Galvam--Special narratives--Gaspar Fructuoso--Frei Bernardo de
Brito--Francisco de Andrade--Osorio--Bernardo da Cruz--Jeronimo
de Mendoça--Miguel de Moura--Duarte Nunez de Leam--Damião
de Goes--André de Resende--Manuel Severim de Faria--Faria e Sousa.
§ 6. _Quinhentista Prose_ 217
Vivid prose--_Historia Tragico-Maritima_. Travels: Duarte
Barbosa--Francisco Alvarez--Gaspar da Cruz--Frei João dos
Santos--Tenreiro--Mestre Afonso--Frei Gaspar de S. Bernardino--Manuel
Godinho--Fernam Mendez Pinto--Garcia da Orta--Pedro Nunez--Duarte
Pacheco--D. João de Castro--Afonso de Albuquerque--Soropita--Rodriguez
Silveira--Fernandez Ferreira--Francisco de Hollanda--Gonçalo Fernandez
Trancoso--Francisco de Moraes.
§ 7. _Religious and Mystic Writers_ 235
Mysticism--Frei Heitor Pinto--Arraez--Frei Thomé de Jesus--Frei
Luis de Sousa--Lucena--Preachers: Paiva de Andrade--Fernandez
Galvão--Feo--Luz--Calvo--Veiga--Ceita--Lisboa--Almeida--Alvarez--Samuel
Usque--Frei Antonio das Chagas--Manuel Bernardes.
IV. 1580-1706.
[i. e. from the accession of Philip II of Spain to the death of
Pedro II.]
_The Seiscentistas_ 251
_Culteranismo_--D. Francisco Manuel de Mello--_Fenix Renascida_--Soror
Violante do Ceo--Child Rolim de Moura--Veiga Tagarro--Galhegos--The
epic: Pereira de Castro--Bras Garcia de Mascarenhas--Sá de
Meneses--Sousa de Macedo--Mousinho de Quevedo--The Academies--Martim
Afonso de Miranda--Leitão de Andrade--The Love Letters--_Arte de
Furtar_--Ribeiro de Macedo--Freire de Andrade--Antonio Vieira.
V. 1706-1816.
[i. e. from the accession of João V to the death of Maria I.]
_The Eighteenth Century_ 270
The Arcadias--Corrêa Garção--Quita--Diniz da Cruz e Silva--Filinto
Elysio--Tolentino--The Marquesa de Alorna--Bocage--Xavier de
Mattos--Gonzaga--Costa--Brazilian epics--Macedo--The Drama:
Figueiredo--Antonio José da Silva--Nicolau Dias--The Academy of
Sciences--Scholars and critics--Theodoro de Almeida--Letters.
VI. 1816-1910.
[i. e. from the accession of João VI to the fall of the Monarchy.]
§ 1. _The Romantic School_ 287
Portugal at the opening of the century--Almeida
Garrett--Herculano--Historical novelists--Rebello da Silva--Camillo
Castello Branco--Poetry: Castilho--Mendes Leal--Soares de Passos--Gomes
de Amorim--Xavier de Novaes--Thomaz Ribeiro--Bulhão Pato.
§ 2. _The Reaction and After_ 304
The Coimbra School--History: Oliveira Martins--Pinheiro Chagas--Research
and criticism--The Drama: Ennes--Azevedo--D. João da Camara--Marcellino
Mesquita--Snr. Lopes de Mendonça--Snr. Julio Dantas--The Novel: Julio
Diniz--Eça de Queiroz--J. L. Pinto--Snr. Luiz de Magalhães--Snr.
Magalhães Lima--Bento Moreno--Snr. Silva Gayo--Snr. Malheiro Dias--Abel
Botelho--Ramalho Ortigão--Snr. Teixeira Gomes--Snr. Antero de
Figueiredo--D. Maria Amalia Vaz de Carvalho--The Conde de Sabugosa--The
_Conto_: Machado--The Conde de Ficalho--Fialho de Almeida--D. João da
Camara--Trindade Coelho--Snr. Julio Brandão--Poetry: Quental--João de
Deus--Guilherme Braga--A. da Conceição--G. de Azevedo--João
Penha--Cesario Verde--Gonçalves Crespo--Snr. Guerra Junqueiro--Gomes
Leal--Snr. Teixeira de Pascoaes--Antonio Nobre--Colonel Christovam
Ayres--Joaquim de Araujo--Antonio Feijó--Snr. Eugenio de Castro--Snr.
Corrêa de Oliveira--Snr. Afonso Lopes Vieira.
APPENDIX
§ 1. _Literature of the People_ 338
Unwritten literature--Traditional themes--_Floras e Branca
Flor_--Bandarra--The Holy Cobbler--Primaeval elements--Connexion of song
and dance--Modern _cantigas_--Links with ancient
poetry--Cradle-songs--_Alvoradas_--_Fados_--Proverbs--Folk-tales.
§ 2. _The Galician Revival_ 347
_Xogos Froraes_ of 1861--Añon--Posada--Camino--Rosalía de Castro--Lamas
Carvajal--Sr. Bárcia Caballero--Losada--Eduardo Pondal--Curros
Enriquez--Martelo Pauman--Pereira--Garcia Ferreiro--Núñez
González--Nun de Allariz--Sr. Rodríguez González--Sr. López Abente--Sr.
Noriega Varela--Sr. Cabanillas--Sr. Rey Soto--_Cancionero Popular
Gallego_--Prose--Pérez Placer--Dª. Francisca Herrera.
INTRODUCTION