The Anabasis of Alexander or, The history of the wars and conquests of Alexander the Great

XV. Alliance with the Scythians and Chorasmians 233 XVI. Subjugation of Sogdiana.—Revolt of Spitamenes 235 XVII. Defeat and Death of Spitamenes 237 XVIII. Oxyartes Besieged in the Sogdian Rock 239 XIX. Alexander Captures the Rock and Marries Roxana 241 XX. Magnanimous Treatment of the Family of Darius 242 XXI. Capture of the Rock of Chorienes 244 XXII. Alexander reaches the River Cabul, and Receives the Homage of Taxiles 246 XXIII. Battles with the Aspasians 248 XXIV. Operations against the Aspasians 250 XXV. Defeat of the Aspasians.—The Assacenians and Guraeans Attacked 252 XXVI. Siege of Massaga 254 XXVII. Sieges of Massaga and Ora 255 XXVIII. Capture of Bazira.—Advance to the Rock of Aornus 257 XXIX. Siege of Aornus 260 XXX. Capture of Aornus.—Arrival at the Indus 262 BOOK V. I. Alexander at Nysa 265 II. Alexander at Nysa 267 III. Incredulity of Eratosthenes.—Passage of the Indus 269 IV. Digression about India 270 V. Mountains and Rivers of Asia 273 VI. General Description of India 274 VII. Method of Bridging Rivers 277 VIII. March from the Indus to the Hydaspes 279 IX. Porus obstructs Alexander’s Passage 280 X. Alexander and Porus at the Hydaspes 282 XI. Alexander’s Stratagem to get across 283 XII. Passage of the Hydaspes 284 XIII. Passage of the Hydaspes 285 XIV. The Battle at the Hydaspes 287 XV. Arrangements of Porus 288 XVI. Alexander’s Tactics 290 XVII. Defeat of Porus 291 XVIII. Losses of the Combatants.—Porus Surrenders 293 XIX. Alliance with Porus.—Death of Bucephalas 295 XX. Conquest of the Glausians.—Embassy from Abisares.—Passage of the Acesines 297 XXI. Advance beyond the Hydraotes 299 XXII. Invasion of the Land of the Cathaeans 301 XXIII. Assault upon Sangala 302 XXIV. Capture of Sangala 304 XXV. The Army refuses to Advance.—Alexander’s Speech to the Officers 306 XXVI. Alexander’s Speech (_continued_) 308 XXVII. The Answer of Coenus 311 XXVIII. Alexander resolves to Return 313 XXIX. Alexander recrosses the Hydraotes and Acesines 314 BOOK VI. I. Preparations for a Voyage down the Indus 317 II. Voyage down the Hydaspes 318 III. Voyage down the Hydaspes (_continued_) 320 IV. Voyage down the Hydaspes into the Acesines 321 V. Voyage down the Acesines 323 VI. Campaign against the Mallians 324 VII. Campaign against the Mallians (_continued_) 326 VIII. Defeat of the Mallians at the river Hydraotes 328 IX. Storming of the Mallian Stronghold 329 X. Alexander dangerously Wounded 331 XI. Alexander Wounded 333 XII. Anxiety of the Soldiers about Alexander 335 XIII. Joy of the Soldiers at Alexander’s Recovery 336 XIV. Voyage down the Hydraotes and Acesines into the Indus 338 XV. Voyage down the Indus to the Land of Musicanus 340 XVI. Campaign against Oxycanus and Sambus 342 XVII. Musicanus Executed.—Capture of Patala 343 XVIII. Voyage down the Indus 345 XIX. Voyage down the Indus into the Sea 346 XX. Exploration of the Mouths of the Indus 348 XXI. Campaign against the Oritians 349 XXII. March through the Desert of Gadrosia 351 XXIII. March through the Desert of Gadrosia 353 XXIV. March through Gadrosia 355 XXV. Sufferings of the Army 356 XXVI. Alexander’s Magnanimous Conduct 358 XXVII. March through Carmania.—Punishment of Viceroys 360 XXVIII. Alexander in Carmania 362 XXIX. Alexander in Persis.—Tomb of Cyrus Repaired 364 XXX. Peucestas appointed Viceroy of Persis 367 BOOK VII. I. Alexander’s Plans.—The Indian Philosophers 369 II. Alexander’s Dealings with the Indian Sages 371 III. Self-sacrifice of the Indian Calanus 372 IV. Marriages between Macedonians and Persians 374 V. The Soldiers Rewarded 376 VI. An Army of Asiatics Trained under the Macedonian Discipline 378 VII. Navigation of the Tigres 379 VIII. The Macedonians Offended at Alexander 381 IX. Alexander’s Speech 383 X. Alexander’s Speech (_continued_) 386 XI. Reconciliation between Alexander and his Army 387 XII. Ten Thousand Macedonians sent Home with Craterus.—Disputes between Antipater and Olympias 390 XIII. The Nisaean Plain.—The Amazons 393 XIV. Death of Hephaestion 395 XV. Subjugation of the Cossaeans.—Embassies from Distant Nations 398 XVI. Exploration of the Caspian.—The Chaldaean Soothsayers 400 XVII. The Advice of the Chaldees rejected 402 XVIII. Predictions of Alexander’s Death 404 XIX. Embassies from Greece.—Fleet prepared for Invading Arabia 406 XX. Description of Arabia.—Voyage of Nearchus 408 XXI. Description of the Euphrates and the Pallacopas 411 XXII. An Omen of Alexander’s Approaching Death 412 XXIII. The Army Recruited from the Persians.—Hephaestion’s Memory Honoured 414 XXIV. Another Omen of Alexander’s Death 417 XXV. Alexander Seized with Fever 418 XXVI. Alexander’s Death 420 XXVII. Rumour that Alexander was Poisoned 421 XXVIII. Character of Alexander 422 XXIX. Apology for Alexander’s Errors 424 XXX. Eulogy of Alexander 425 Index of Proper Names 429 ERRATA. Page 3. Four lines from the bottom, for Anab. v. 1, _read_ v. 5, 1. Page 8. Note 1, for Diod., xix. 93, 94; _read_ xvi. 93, 94. Note 3, for Diod., xvi. 85; _read_ xvii. 4. Page 48. For Onares _read_ Omares. Page 108. (Note) for Zeph. i. 2; _read_ 11. Page 116. (Note) for _Paradise Lost_, viii. 18; _read_ i. 446. LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ARRIAN. All we know of Arrian is derived from the notice of him in the _Bibliotheca_ of Photius, who was Patriarch of Constantinople in the ninth century, and from a few incidental references in his own writings. We learn from Suidas that Dion Cassius wrote a biography of Arrian; but this work is not extant. Flavius Arrianus was born near the end of the first century of the Christian era, at Nicomedia, the capital of Bithynia. He became a pupil of the famous Stoic philosopher Epictetus, and afterwards went to Athens, where he received the surname of the “younger Xenophon,” from the fact that he occupied the same relation to Epictetus as Xenophon did to Socrates.[1] Not only was he called Xenophon by others, but he calls himself so in _Cynegeticus_ (v. 6); and in _Periplus_ (xii. 5; xxv. 1), he distinguishes Xenophon by the addition _the elder_. Lucian (_Alexander_, 56) calls Arrian simply _Xenophon_. During the stay of the emperor Hadrian at Athens, A.D. 126, Arrian gained his friendship. He accompanied his patron to Rome, where he received the Roman citizenship. In consequence of this, he assumed the name of Flavius.[2] In the same way the Jewish historian, Josephus, had been allowed by Vespasian and Titus to bear the imperial name Flavius.[3] Photius says, that Arrian had a distinguished career in Rome, being entrusted with various political offices, and at last reaching the supreme dignity of consul under Antoninus Pius.[4] Previous to this he was appointed (A.D. 132) by Hadrian, Governor of Cappadocia, which province was soon after invaded by the Alani, or Massagetae, whom he defeated and expelled.[5] When Marcus Aurelius came to the throne, Arrian withdrew into private life and returned to his native city, Nicomedia. Here, according to Photius, he was appointed priest to Demeter and Persephone. He died in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. The earlier literary efforts of Arrian were philosophical. After the expulsion of the philosophers from Rome, by Domitian, Epictetus delivered his lectures at Nicopolis, in Epirus, where it is probable that Arrian was his pupil. I. These lectures were published by Arrian, under the title of _Discourses of Epictetus_, in eight books, the first four only of which have come down to us. He tells us himself in the introduction to this work, that he strove as far as possible to preserve the very words of his teacher as mementoes of his method of reasoning and diction. Gellius (xix. 1) speaks of a fifth book of these Discourses. II. He also compiled _The Enchiridion of Epictetus_, an abstract of the philosophy of Epictetus, which is still extant. This manual of the Stoic moral philosophy was very popular, both among Pagans and Christians, for many centuries. III. Another work by Arrian, in twelve books, distinct from the above, is mentioned by Photius under the title of “Ὁμιλίαι Ἐπικτήτου”, or _Friendly Conversations with Epictetus_. Of this only a few fragments survive.