The Anabasis of Alexander or, The history of the wars and conquests of Alexander the Great
[956] The Macedonian stater was worth about £1 3_s._ 6_d._
[957] Cf. Arrian (_Tactics_, 12, 11).
[958] Cf. _Arrian_, p. 379, note 853.
[959] We read in the speech of Demosthenes against Dionysiodorus
(1285), that Cleomenes and his partisans enriched themselves by
monopolizing the exportation of corn from Egypt. Cf. _Arrian_, iii. 5
supra.
[960] This island is mentioned by Homer (_Odyssey_, iv. 355). Alexander
constructed a mole seven stades long from the coast to the island, thus
forming the two harbours of Alexandria. See _Strabo_, xvii. 1. The
island is chiefly famous for the lofty tower built upon it by Ptolemy
Philadelphus, for a lighthouse. Cf. Cæsar (_De Bello Civili_, iii.
112); _Ammianus_, xxii. 16.
[961] Consult Lucian (_Calumniae non temere credendum_, 17).
[962] After Alexander’s death Cleomenes was executed by Ptolemy, who
received Egypt as his share of the great king’s dominions.
[963] _I.e._ the Mediterranean.
[964] _Diodorus_ (xvii. 116) and Plutarch (_Alex._, 73) say that he was
a bound prisoner. The latter says his name was Dionysius, and that he
was a Messenian.
[965] Plutarch (_Alex._, 75) and _Justin_ (xii. 13) say that he gave a
banquet to Nearchus the admiral, and that, as he was leaving it, he was
invited to the revel by Medius the Thessalian. Cf. _Diodorus_, xvii.
117.
[966] We learn from _Athenæus_ (x. p. 434 B) that this Court Journal
was kept by the royal secretary, Eumenes, afterwards so famous, and by
the historian, Diodotus of Erythrae. As to the last days of Alexander,
cf. Plutarch (_Alex._, 76, 77).
[967] Cf. _Curtius_, ix. 23: Mos erat principibus amicorum et
custodibus corporis excubare ante praetorium, quotiens adversa regi
valetudo incidisset.
[968] Serāpis, or more correctly Sarapis, was an Egyptian deity, whose
worship was introduced into Greece in the time of the Ptolemies.
His worship was introduced into Rome, with that of Isis, in the
time of Sulla. _Strabo_ (xvii. 1) gives an account of his cultus in
the celebrated temple at Canobus. The Serapeum at Alexandria, which
contained the famous library, is described by _Ammianus_, xxii. 16.
[969] _I.e._ the most valiant.
[970] To decide who was to succeed to his power. Cf. _Curtius_, x. 14;
_Diodorus_, xvii. 117; _Justin_, xii. 15.
[971] Cf. _Curtius_, x. 31; _Diodorus_, xvii. 117, 118; _Justin_,
xii. 13. Plutarch (_Alex._, 77) asserts that nothing was said about
Alexander’s being poisoned, until six years after, when Olympias, the
enemy of Antipater, set the charge afloat.
[972] See _Arrian_, iv. 10 supra.
[973] Cassander was afterwards king of Macedonia and Greece. He put
Olympias, Roxana, and her son Alexander Aegus to death, and bribed
Polysperchon to put Barsine and her son Hercules to death. He died of
dropsy, B.C. 297.
[974] Cf. _Pausanias_, xviii. 4; _Curtius_, x. 31; Plutarch (_Alex._,
77). The ancients called the poison, “the water of Styx”; it was
obtained from Nonacris in the north of Arcadia, near which the river
Styx took its origin. _Justin_ (xii. 14) says: Cujus veneni tanta vis
fuit, ut non aere, non ferro, non testa contineretur, nec aliter ferri
nisi in ungula equi potuerit. Pliny (_Hist. Nat._, xxx. 53) says:
Ungulas tantum mularum repertas, neque aliam ullam materiam quae non
perroderetur a veneno Stygis aquae, cum id dandum Alexandro magno
Antipater mitteret, dignum memoria est, magna Aristotelis infamia
excogitatum.
[975] _Diodorus_ (xvii. 117) states that after drinking freely,
Alexander swallowed the contents of a large goblet, called the cup of
Heracles, and was immediately seized with violent pain. This statement,
however, is contradicted by Plutarch. It seems from the last injunction
of Calanus, the Indian philosopher, that it was considered the right
thing to drink to intoxication at the funeral of a friend. See Plutarch
(_Alex._, 69).
[976] June, 323 B.C.
[977] Ptolemy took the embalmed body of Alexander to Egypt, and placed
it in Memphis, but removed it a few years after to Alexandria. See
_Curtius_, x. 31. Cf. Aelian (_Varia Historia_, xii. 64; xiii. 29).
[978] Cf. _Diodorus_, xvii. 4; ἡ ὀξύτης τοῦ νεανίσκου.
[979] Cf. _Curtius_, x. 18: Gloriae laudisque, ut justo major cupido,
ita ut juveni et in tantis admittenda rebus.
[980] Plutarch (_Alex._, 28) attributes the same motive to Alexander
in representing himself to be the son of Zeus. _Livy_ (ix. 18) says:
Referre in tanto rege piget superbam mutationem vestis et desideratas
humi jacentium adulationes, etiam victis Macedonibus graves, nedum
victoribus; et foeda supplicia, et inter vinum et epula, caedes
amicorum et vanitatem ementiendae stirpis. Consult the whole of the
interesting passage in _Livy_, ix. 17-19. See also Aelian (_Varia
Historia_, ii. 19; v. 12; ix. 37).
[981] Cf. _Herodotus_, vii. 41; _Arrian_, iii. 11 supra.
[982] Xenophon (_Cyropaedia_, vii. 5, 85) says that the Persian
Equals-in-Honour, or Peers, spent their time about the Court.
[983] Cf. _Arrian_, iv. 14 supra; _Justin_, ix. 8; _Athenæus_, x. p.
434 B; Aelian (_Varia Historia_, iii. 23; ix. 3; xii. 26).
[984] Europe and Asia. Arrian reckoned Libya, or Africa, as a part of
Asia. See iii. 30; v. 26; vii. 1.
[985] Dr. Leonhard Schmitz says:—“Arrian is in this work one of
the most excellent writers of his time, above which he is raised by
his simplicity and his unbiassed judgment. Great as his merits thus
are as an historian, they are yet surpassed by his excellence as an
historical critic. His Anabasis is based upon the most trustworthy
historians among the contemporaries of Alexander, such as Ptolemy,
Aristobulus, which two he chiefly followed, Diodotus of Erythrae,
Eumenes of Cardia, Nearchus of Crete, and Megasthenes; and his sound
judgment as to who deserved credit, justly led him to reject such
authors as Onesicritus, Callisthenes, and others. No one at all
acquainted with this work of Arrian’s can refuse his assent to the
opinion of Photius (p. 73; comp. Lucian, _Alex._, 2), that Arrian
was the best among the numerous historians of Alexander. One of the
great merits of the work, independent of those already mentioned, is
the clearness and distinctness with which he describes all military
movements and operations, the drawing up of the armies for battle, and
the conduct of battles and sieges. In all these respects the Anabasis
is a masterly production, and Arrian shows that he himself possessed a
thorough practical knowledge of military affairs. He seldom introduces
speeches, but wherever he does he shows a profound knowledge of man;
and the speech of Alexander to his rebellious soldiers, and the reply
of Coenus, as well as some other speeches, are masterly specimens of
oratory. Everything, moreover, which is not necessary to make his
narrative clear is carefully avoided.” See Smith’s _Dictionary of Greek
and Roman Biography_.
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
(_The numbers refer to the pages._)
Abastanians, 340.
Abbot, 258.
Abdalonymus, 116.
Abdēra, 37.
Abian Scythians, 205.
Abicht, 213, 276, 283.
Abisares, 257, 264, 279, 298, 301, 315.
Aboukir, 142.
Abreas, 330-334.
Abūlites, 172, 173, 374.
Abȳdus, 37.
Abyssinia, 272.
Acĕsinēs, 271, 274, 298-300, 308, 315-325, 336, 339-341, 374, 387.
Achaeans, Port of, 37.
Achaemenids, 375.
Achilles, 38, 39, 139, 323, 396, 402.
Achilleus, 150.
Achmetha, 179.
Acropolis of Athens, 49, 173.
Acropolis of Sardis, 50.
Acūphis, 266-268.
Ada, 65, 66.
Addaeus, 63, 64.
Admētus, 131-133.
Adōnis, 116.
Adraistaeans, 301.
Aeacus, 226, 425.
Aeacidae, 138.
Aegae, 36.
Aegean Sea, 110, 408.
Aegina, 334.
Aegospotami, 31, 57.
Aegyptus, 276, 318.
Aeolis and Aeolians, 53, 71, 186, 383, 385.
Aeschines, 91, 113, 150.
Aeschўlus, 149, 269, 338.
Aesculapius, 88, 397.
Aetolians, 26, 34.
Afghanistan, 155, 191.
Africa, 108, 203, 309.
Agallassa, 324.
Agamemnon, 37.
Agatho, 44, 164.
Agēnor, 133.
Agēsilaüs, 110.
Agis III., 109, 110, 173.
Agis the Argive, 223.
Agrianians, 11, 18, 19, 21, 23, _et passim_.
Ahasuerus, 364.
Aithiops, 272.
Alani, 2, 4.
Albanians, 155, 161, 164.
Albion, 125.
Alcetas, 246, 255, 256, 283.
Alcias, 77.
Alcmēna, 117, 145.
Alēian Plain, 89.
Alexander I., 33, 383.
Alexander the Great, _passim_.
Alexander Aegus, 242, 421.
Alexander, son of Aëropus, 27, 51, 68.
Alexander the Epirote, 152.
Alexandrīa, 141, 142, 143, 197, 206, 210, 247, 266, 340, 351, 416, 420,
423.
Alinda, 66.
Alpes, 125.
Amānic Gates, 91.
Amastrinē, 375.
Amathūs, 129.
Amazons, 234, 393-395.
Ambracia, 119.
Ammianus, 80, 106, 203, 229, 270, 271, 385, 401.
Amminaspes, 185.
Ammōn, 144-148, 223, 320, 347, 382, 397, 415.
Amphiaraüs, 89.
Amphilochians, 119.
Amphilochus, 89.
Amphīon, 30.
Amphipolis, 10, 12, 13, 37, 98, 107.
Amphitrītē, 320.
Amphoterus, 70, 144, 150.
Amyntas of Macedon, 19, 66.
Amyntas, son of Antiochus, 51, 69, 90, 91, 107, 109.
Amyntas, son of Andromenes, 29, 43, 50, 59, 162, 173, 174, 177, 188,
190, 192, 195.
Amyntas, son of Arrhabaeus, 40, 43-45, 59, 74, 95.
Amyntas, son of Nicolaüs, 237, 238, 247.
Amyntas the Theban, 25.
Anaxagoras, 407.
Anaxarchus, 222-226.
Anaxippus, 191, 192.
Anchialus, 87, 88.
Ancyra, 84.
Androcles, 129.
Andromachus, 127, 150, 162, 192, 210, 213-215.
Andronīcus, 189, 191.
Androsthenes, 409.
Anicētus, 134.
Antaeus, 145.
Antalcidas, 79, 80.
Anteas, 363.
Anthemūs, 98.
Antibēlus, 182.
Anticles, 230.
Antigĕnes, 291, 344.
Antigŏnē, 193.
Antigŏnus, 76, 88, 305, 405.
Anti-Libănus, 125, 156, 308.
Antiochus, 97, 149, 263.
Antipater, 26, 36, 43, 81, 102, 105, 109, 148, 162, 173, 231, 391,
392, 421.
Antipater, son of Asclepiodōrus, 230.
Antiphilus, 105.
Antoninus Pius, 2.
Aornus, 199, 258-263, 310.
Apelles, 48, 53, 88.
Aphrices, 279.
Apis, 142.
Apollo, 148, 196, 204, 389, 390, 425.
Apollodōrus, 171, 404, 405.
Apollonia, 40, 98.
Apollonides, 144.
Apollonius, 149.
Apollonius Rhodius, 56, 346.
Apollophanes, 351, 360.
Arab, 407.
Arabia and Arabians, 135, 140, 149, 172, 308, 309, 369, 407-412.
Arabian Gulf, 410.
Arabitians, 350.
Arabius River, 349, 350.
Arachotia and Arachotians, 155, 161, 183, 197, 275, 283, 341, 344,
360, 378, 387.
Arădus, 108, 111.
Aral Sea, 198, 199, 202, 234, 274, 401.
Aram, 87, 107,156, 380.
Arārat, 411.
Arātus, 88.
Araxes, 177, 401.
Arbēla, 13, 98, 156-171, 334.
Arbūpales, 48.
Arcadia and Arcadians, 32, 34, 421.
Archelaüs, 36, 173, 199.
Archias, 409.
Arconnēsus, 65.
Areia and Areians, 155, 191-193, 197, 200, 216, 361, 378.
Areius River, 216.
Arēs, 45.
Arĕtes, 164, 166, 167.
Arĕtis, 46.
Argos and Argives, 51, 58, 89, 217, 224, 227.
Ariaces, 156.
Ariaspians, 196.
Arigaeum, 251.
Arimmas, 152.
Ariobarzanes, 155, 176, 177, 178, 189.
Arisbē, 40.
Aristander, 36, 70, 121, 137, 143, 154, 170, 211, 212, 235.
Aristo, 97, 162, 164, 165.
Aristobūlus, 3, 6, 83, 85, 101, 105, 145, 146, 148, 160, 193, 197,
198, 202, 209, 214, 220, 230, 231, 232, 277, 281, 297, 334, 344,
348, 351, 352, 363, 365, 366, 375, 394, 400, 404, 405, 406, 409,
414, 417, 421, 423, 425, 427.
Aristogeiton, 173, 224, 406.
Aristomēdes, 107.
Aristonīcus, 143, 144, 236, 237.
Aristonoüs, 363.
Aristophanes, 121, 152, 170, 231, 394.
Aristophon, 185.