The Satires of Juvenal, Persius, Sulpicia, and Lucilius
5 ... in the transaction of the ridiculous affair itself, he
boasts that he was present.
FOOTNOTES:
[1806] Cf. Hor., i., Sat. i., 45, "Millia frumenti tua triverit area
centum."
[1807] _Incrustatus._ Hor., i., Sat. iii., 56, "Sincerum cupimus vas
incrustare." Where Porphyrion explains the word, "_incrustari_ vas
dicitur cum aliquo vitioso succo illinitur atque inquinatur." It is
sometimes applied to covering any thing, as a cup, with gold or silver
(cf. Juv., v., 88, "Heliadum crustas"), or a wall with roughcast or
plaster. For the _vinum rutatum_, see Pliny, H. N., xix., 45. _Scilla_
is probably the sort of onion to which Juvenal refers, Sat. vii., 120,
"Afrorum Epimenia, bulbi."
[1808] _Fruniscor_, an old form of fruor. Cf. Hor., i., Sat. i., 47,
"Non tuns hoc capiet venter plus quam mens."
BOOK XIX.
ARGUMENT.
The same may be said of this book as of the eighteenth. The few
Fragments that remain being insufficient to furnish any data
for a positive opinion as to its subject. From the 2d and 3d
Fragments, Mercer supposes that the same question was discussed
which Cicero refers to in the Offices (lib. ii., c. 20), "Whether
a worthy man, without wealth, was to be preferred to a very rich
man who had but an indifferent reputation." The second Fragment
clearly contains a precept respecting the laying up a store which
may be made available in time of distress; which Horace had
perhaps in his eye in book i., Sat. i., l. 33, _seq_. It contains
likewise a criticism on a verse of Ennius, as being little more
than empty sound, devoid of true poetic sentiment; which probably
was the basis of Cicero's censure in the Tusculan disputations.
The study of dramatic composition is also discouraged, from the
fact that the most elaborate passages are frequently spoiled by
the want of skill in the Tragic actor. In the 9th Fragment, Dacke
supposes there is an allusion to the Dulorestes of Pacuvius. The
7th Fragment may also probably refer to Ennius, as the principal
word in it is employed by him in the eleventh book of his Annals.
There is probably also a hit at those poets who adopt a style of
diction quite unintelligible to ordinary readers.
1 Wrinkled and shriveled old men are in quest of all the same
things.[1809]
2 So do thou seek for those fruits, which hereafter in ungenial
winter thou mayest enjoy; with this delight thyself at
home.[1810]
3 Will you have the gold, or the man? Why, have the man! What
boots the gold? Wherefore, as we say, I see nothing here which
I should greatly covet....[1811]
4 And infant children make a woman honest....
5 So each one of us is severally affected....
6 Choose that particular day which to you seems best.
7 ... but do not criticise the lappet[1812]
8 ... hanging from the side, sprinkling the rocks with clotted
gore and black blood....[1813]
9 The tragic poet who spoils his verses through Orestes about to
grow hoarse.[1814]
10 ... twenty thousand gravers and pincers[1815]
11 ... and to pluck out teeth with crooked pincers.
12 ... desire may be eradicated from a man, but never covetousness
from a fool.[1816]
FOOTNOTES:
[1809] _Passus_ is properly applied to a dried grape; either "quod
solem diutius passa est," or more probably from _pando_.
[1810] Cf. Hor., i., Sat. i., 32, "Sicut parvula nam exemplo est
magni formica laboris ore trahit quodcunque potest atque addit acervo
quem struit, haud ignara et non incanta futuri. Quæ simul inversum
contristat Aquarius annum non usquam prorepit et illis utitur ante
quæsitis sapiens."
[1811] The passage in Cicero stands thus, "Si res in contentionem
veniet, nimirum Themistocles est auctor adhibendus; qui cum
consuleretur utrum bono viro pauperi, an minùs probato diviti, filiam
collocaret: Ego vero, inquit, malo virum, qui pecuniâ egeat, quam
pecuniam, quæ viro." De Off., ii., 20.
[1812] _Peniculamentum_ is a portion of the dress hanging down like
a tail; perhaps like the "liripipes" of our ancestors. "Pendent
peniculamenta unum ad quodque pedule." Ennius, Annal., lib. xi., ap.
Nonium.
[1813] Cicero (Tusc. Qu., i., 44) quotes the passage from the Thyestes
of Ennius: it is part of his imprecation against Atreus, "Ipse summis
saxis fixus asperis evisceratus," etc. Vid. Enn., Frag. Bothe, p. 66,
11. Gerlach considers them to be the very words of Ennius, inserted in
his Satire by Lucilius. Cicero's criticism is probably borrowed from
Lucilius: it is in no measured terms: "Illa inania; non ipsa saxa magis
sensu omni vacabant quam ille 'latere pendens' cui se hic cruciatum
censet optare: quæ essent dura si sentiret; nulla sine sensu sunt."
[1814] Cf. Juv., i., 2, "_Rauci_ Theseide Codri ... necdum finitus
Orestes."
[1815] Gerlach supposes that Lucilius ridicules the folly of those
poets who either write what is unintelligible, or whose effusions
are spoiled by the indifference of the actors who personate their
characters, in the same way as Horace, ii., Sat. iii., 106, "Si scalpra
et formas non sutor emat."
[1816] Nonius explains _cupiditas_ to be a milder form of _cupído_.
BOOK XX.
ARGUMENT.
Gerlach without hesitation pronounces the subject of this book
to have been "the superstition of the lower orders, and the
luxury of the banquets of the wealthy." There were, even in
the days of Lucilius, many who could see through, and heartily
despise, the ignorant superstition by which their fellow-men were
shackled. Hence the famous saying of Cato, that he wondered how
a soothsayer could look another of the same profession in the
face without laughing. The 3d and 4th Fragments are probably part
of the speech of some notorious epicure, who cordially detests
the simplicity and frugality of ancient days; and the 6th may
contain the fierce expression of his unmeasured indignation at
any attempt to suppress or curtail the lavish munificence and
luxurious self-indulgence of men like himself. The 6th, 7th, and
9th Fragments may also refer to the sumptuous banquets of the day.
1 These bugbears, Lamiæ, which the Fauni and Numas set up--at
these he trembles, and sets all down as true.... Just as little
children believe that all the statues of brass are alive and
human beings, just so these men believe all these fables to be
true, and think there is a heart inside these brazen statues.
... It is a mere painter's board, nothing is real; all
counterfeit.[1817]
2 ... in their own season, and at one and the same time ... and
in half an hour ... after three are ended ... only the same and
the fourth.
3 ... such dainties as endive, or some herb of that kind, and
pilchards' sauce ... but this is sorry ware.[1818]
4 I reviled the savage law of Calpurnius Piso, and snorted forth
my angry breath from my nostrils....[1819]
5 ... then he will burst asunder, just as the Marsian by his
incantation makes the snakes burst, when he has caused all
their veins to swell
6 They are captivated with tripe and rich dinners.[1820]
7 ... he be a trifler and an empty-headed fellow ... far the
greatest[1821]
8 ... then a certain youth whom they call[1822]
9 ... then he wiped the broad tables with a purple napkin[1823]
10 ... damage the bows and shear away the helm.
11 ... they chatter: and your dirty-nosed country lout chimes
in.[1824]
FOOTNOTES:
[1817] _Terriculas_ (for the old reading, Terricolas), "any thing
used to frighten children, as bugbears." The forms _terriculum_ and
_terriculamentum_ also occur. Compare the μορμολυκεῖον of the Greeks,
Arist., Thesm., 417, and μορμὼ, Arist., Achar., 582; Pax, 474 (vid.
Ruhnken's Timæus, in voc., who quotes numerous passages); and Empusa,
Ar., Ran., 293. The _Lamiæ_ were monsters, represented of various
shapes (λάμια, Arist., Vesp., 1177, from λάμος, vorago), as hags,
or vampyres (strigum instar), or with the bodies of women above,
terminating in the lower extremities of an ass. Hence ὀνοσκελίς,
ὀνοκώλη. Vid. Hor., A. P., 340, "Neu pransæ Lamiæ vivum puerum extrahat
alvo," cum Schol. Cruqu. They were supposed to devour children, or
at all events suck their blood. Cf. Tert. adv. Valent., iii. Festus
in voc. Manducus, Maniæ. Manducus is probably from mandendo, and
was represented with huge jaws and teeth, like our "Raw-head and
bloody-bones." It was probably the mask used in the Atellane exodia.
Cf. Juv., iii., 175, "Cum personæ pallentis hiatum in gremio matris
formidat rusticus infans." Plaut., Rud., II., vi., 51, "Quid si aliquo
ad ludos me pro manduco locem? Quapropter? Quia pol clarè crepito
dentibus." The _Fauni_ are put for any persons of great antiquity, the
inventors of these fables (ἀρχαϊκά, Ar., Nub., 812), just as Picus
in Juvenal, viii., 131, "tum licet a _Pico_ numeres genus." Pergula
(cf. ad Juv., xi., 137) is "the stall outside a shop where articles
were exhibited for sale," and where painters sometimes exposed their
pictures to public view. «Cf. Plin., xxxv., 10, 36, who says Apelles
used to conceal himself behind the pergula, to hear the remarks of
passers-by on his paintings.»
[1818] _Pulmentarium._ So ὄψον, "any kind of food eaten with something
else, though rarely, if ever, with vegetables." It took its name from
the days when the Romans had no bread, but used pulse instead. Vid.
Plin., xviii., 8, 19. Pers., iii., 102. Juv., vii., 185. Hor., ii.,
Sat. ii., 19, "Tu pulmentaria quære sudando." _Intybus._ Cf. ad v., Fr.
14. _Mænarum._ Ad Pers., iii, 76.
[1819] Cf. Introduction, p. 285. Gerlach says it describes the fierce
snortings of an angry man: "hominem ex imo pectore iras anhelantem."
Cf. Pers., v., 91, "Ira cadat naso." Theoc., i., 18, χολὰ ποτὶ ῥινὶ
κάθηται. Mart., vi., Ep. lxiv., 28.
[1820] _Præcisum_, like omasum, "the fat part of the belly of beef
chopped up;" the "busecchie" of the modern Italians.
[1821] Cf. xiv., Fr. 3.
[1822] _Parectaton_, a παρεκτείνω. Quasi extensus, "an overgrown
youth." The penultima is lengthened in Latin.
[1823] Cf. Hor., ii., Sat. viii., 11.
[1824] _Deblaterant._ Cf. Plaut., Aul., II., iii., 1. _Blennus_ is
beautifully expressed by the German "rotznase." Plaut., Bacch., V., i.,
2.
BOOK XXI.
Of this Book no Fragments remain.
BOOK XXII.
1 Those hired female mourners who weep at a stranger's funeral,
and tear their hair, and bawl louder....[1825]
2 A slave neither faithless to my owner, nor unserviceable to
any, here I, Metrophanes, lie, Lucilius' main-stay[1826]
3 Zopyrion cuts his lips on both sides....[1827]
4 ... whether the man's nose is straighter now, ... his calves
and legs.
FOOTNOTES:
[1825] _Præfica_, the ἰαλεμίστρια, Æsch., Choëph., 424, or θρηνήτρια
(cf. Mark, v., 38), of the Greeks; from præficiendo, as being set at
the head of the other mourners, to give them the time, as it were:
"quaæ dant cæteris modum plangendi, quasi in hoc ipsum _præfectæ_."
Scaliger says it was an invention of the Phrygians to employ these
hired mourners. Plaut., Truc., II., vi., 14. Gell., xviii., 6. The
technical name of their lamentation was Nænia. Cf. Fest. in voc. It
generally consisted of the praises of the deceased. Æsch., Choëph.,
151, παιᾶνα τοῦ θανόντος ἐξαυδωμένας. «Cf. Hor., A. P., 431, "Ut qui
conducti plorant in funere, dicunt et faciunt prope plura dolentibus ex
animo."»
[1826] Cf. Introduction. Mart., xi., Ep. xc., 4. Plaut., Amph., I.,
i., 213. Terent., Phorm., II., i., 57, "O bone custos salve, columen