The Ten Books on Architecture

THE PROPER EXPOSURES OF THE DIFFERENT ROOMS 180 HOW THE ROOMS SHOULD BE SUITED TO THE STATION OF THE OWNER 181 THE FARMHOUSE 183 THE GREEK HOUSE 185 ON FOUNDATIONS AND SUBSTRUCTURES 189 BOOK VII INTRODUCTION 195 FLOORS 202 THE SLAKING OF LIME FOR STUCCO 204 VAULTINGS AND STUCCO WORK 205 ON STUCCO WORK IN DAMP PLACES, AND ON THE DECORATION OF DINING ROOMS 208 THE DECADENCE OF FRESCO PAINTING 210 MARBLE FOR USE IN STUCCO 213 NATURAL COLOURS 214 CINNABAR AND QUICKSILVER 215 CINNABAR (_continued_) 216 ARTIFICIAL COLOURS. BLACK 217 BLUE. BURNT OCHRE 218 WHITE LEAD, VERDIGRIS, AND ARTIFICIAL SANDARACH 219 PURPLE 219 SUBSTITUTES FOR PURPLE, YELLOW OCHRE, MALACHITE GREEN, AND INDIGO 220 BOOK VIII INTRODUCTION 225 HOW TO FIND WATER 227 RAINWATER 229 VARIOUS PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT WATERS 232 TESTS OF GOOD WATER 242 LEVELLING AND LEVELLING INSTRUMENTS 242 AQUEDUCTS, WELLS, AND CISTERNS 244 BOOK IX INTRODUCTION 251 THE ZODIAC AND THE PLANETS 257 THE PHASES OF THE MOON 262 THE COURSE OF THE SUN THROUGH THE TWELVE SIGNS 264 THE NORTHERN CONSTELLATIONS 265 THE SOUTHERN CONSTELLATIONS 267 ASTROLOGY AND WEATHER PROGNOSTICS 269 THE ANALEMMA AND ITS APPLICATIONS 270 SUNDIALS AND WATER CLOCKS 273 BOOK X INTRODUCTION 281 MACHINES AND IMPLEMENTS 283 HOISTING MACHINES 285 THE ELEMENTS OF MOTION 290 ENGINES FOR RAISING WATER 293 WATER WHEELS AND WATER MILLS 294 THE WATER SCREW 295 THE PUMP OF CTESIBIUS 297 THE WATER ORGAN 299 THE HODOMETER 301 CATAPULTS OR SCORPIONES 303 BALLISTAE 305 THE STRINGING AND TUNING OF CATAPULTS 308 SIEGE MACHINES 309 THE TORTOISE 311 HEGETOR'S TORTOISE 312 MEASURES OF DEFENCE 315 NOTE ON SCAMILLI IMPARES 320 INDEX 321 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS CARYATIDES FROM TREASURY OF CNIDIANS, DELPHI 6 CARYATIDES OF ERECHTHEUM, ATHENS 6 CARYATID IN VILLA ALBANI, ROME 6 CARYATIDES 7 PERSIANS 9 CONSTRUCTION OF CITY WALLS 23 TOWER OF THE WINDS, ATHENS 26 DIAGRAM OF THE WINDS 29 DIAGRAM OF DIRECTIONS OF STREETS 30 VITRUVIUS' BRICK-BOND 44 TRAVERTINE QUARRIES, ROMAN CAMPAGNA 49 EXAMPLE OF OPUS INCERTUM, CIRCULAR TEMPLE, TIVOLI 51 OPUS RETICULATUM, THERMAE OF HADRIAN'S VILLA, TIVOLI 52 EXAMPLE OF OPUS RETICULATUM, DOORWAY OF STOA POECILE, HADRIAN'S VILLA 52 MAUSOLEUM AT HALICARNASSUS, RESTORED 54 CLASSIFICATION OF TEMPLES ACCORDING TO ARRANGEMENTS OF COLONNADES 76 HYPAETHRAL TEMPLE OF VITRUVIUS COMPARED WITH PARTHENON AND TEMPLE OF APOLLO NEAR MILETUS 77 CLASSIFICATION OF TEMPLES ACCORDING TO INTERCOLUMNIATION 79 EUSTYLE TEMPLE OF VITRUVIUS COMPARED WITH TEMPLE OF TEOS 81 VITRUVIUS' RULES FOR DIAMETER AND HEIGHT OF COLUMNS COMPARED WITH ACTUAL EXAMPLES 83 DIMINUTION OF COLUMNS IN RELATION TO DIMENSIONS OF HEIGHT 85 ENTASIS OF COLUMNS 87 FRA GIOCONDO'S IDEA OF "SCAMILLI IMPARES" 89 IONIC ORDER ACCORDING TO VITRUVIUS COMPARED WITH ORDER OF MAUSOLEUM AT HALICARNASSUS 91 COMPARISON OF IONIC ORDER ACCORDING TO VITRUVIUS WITH ACTUAL EXAMPLES AND WITH VIGNOLA'S ORDER 95 BASILICA AT POMPEII 104 CORINTHIAN CAPITAL OF VITRUVIUS COMPARED WITH MONUMENTS 105 VITRUVIUS' DORIC ORDER COMPARED WITH TEMPLE AT CORI AND THEATRE OF MARCELLUS 111 VITRUVIUS' TEMPLE PLAN COMPARED WITH ACTUAL EXAMPLES 115 VITRUVIUS' RULE FOR DOORWAYS COMPARED WITH TWO EXAMPLES 119 TUSCAN TEMPLE ACCORDING TO VITRUVIUS 121 CIRCULAR TEMPLE, TIVOLI 123 MAISON CARRÉE, NÎMES 123 PLAN OF TEMPLE, TIVOLI 123 PLAN OF TEMPLE OF VESTA, ROME 123 PLAN OF CIRCULAR TEMPLE ACCORDING TO VITRUVIUS 124 FORUM, TIMGAD 131 FORUM, POMPEII 133 PLAN OF BASILICA, POMPEII 134 VITRUVIUS' BASILICA, FANO 135 ROMAN THEATRE ACCORDING TO VITRUVIUS 147 THEATRE AT ASPENDUS 149 THEATRE PORTICO ACCORDING TO VITRUVIUS 152 TEPIDARIUM OF STABIAN BATHS, POMPEII 157 APODYTERIUM FOR WOMEN, STABIAN BATHS, POMPEII 157 STABIAN BATHS, POMPEII 158 PALAESTRA, OLYMPIA, AND GREEK PALAESTRA ACCORDING TO VITRUVIUS 161 PLANS OF HOUSES, POMPEII 176 PLAN OF HOUSE OF SILVER WEDDING, POMPEII 177 PLAN OF TYPICAL ROMAN HOUSE 178 PERISTYLE OF HOUSE OF THE VETTII, POMPEII 179 PLAN OF HOUSE OF THE VETTII, POMPEII 179 PLAN OF VILLA RUSTICA, NEAR POMPEII 183 PLAN OF VITRUVIUS' GREEK HOUSE 186 PLAN OF GREEK HOUSE, DELOS 187 PLAN OF GREEK HOUSE DISCOVERED AT PERGAMUM 188 RETAINING WALLS 191 CONSTRUCTION OF THE ANALEMMA 271 CONSTRUCTION OF WATER SCREW 295 WATER SCREW 296 HEGETOR'S RAM AND TORTOISE 312 1. From sixteenth century MS. 2. From model by A. A. Howard. * * * * * VITRUVIUS * * * * * BOOK I PREFACE 1. While your divine intelligence and will, Imperator Caesar, were engaged in acquiring the right to command the world, and while your fellow citizens, when all their enemies had been laid low by your invincible valour, were glorying in your triumph and victory,--while all foreign nations were in subjection awaiting your beck and call, and the Roman people and senate, released from their alarm, were beginning to be guided by your most noble conceptions and policies, I hardly dared, in view of your serious employments, to publish my writings and long considered ideas on architecture, for fear of subjecting myself to your displeasure by an unseasonable interruption. 2. But when I saw that you were giving your attention not only to the welfare of society in general and to the establishment of public order, but also to the providing of public buildings intended for utilitarian purposes, so that not only should the State have been enriched with provinces by your means, but that the greatness of its power might likewise be attended with distinguished authority in its public buildings, I thought that I ought to take the first opportunity to lay before you my writings on this theme. For in the first place it was this subject which made me known to your father, to whom I was devoted on account of his great qualities. After the council of heaven gave him a place in the dwellings of immortal life and transferred your father's power to your hands, my devotion continuing unchanged as I remembered him inclined me to support you. And so with Marcus Aurelius, Publius Minidius, and Gnaeus Cornelius, I was ready to supply and repair ballistae, scorpiones, and other artillery, and I have received rewards for good service with them. After your first bestowal of these upon me, you continued to renew them on the recommendation of your sister. 3. Owing to this favour I need have no fear of want to the end of my life, and being thus laid under obligation I began to write this work for you, because I saw that you have built and are now building extensively, and that in future also you will take care that our public and private buildings shall be worthy to go down to posterity by the side of your other splendid achievements. I have drawn up definite rules